Jaundice & Hepatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Tests and Modern Treatment
Yellow Eyes Are a Warning Sign — But Jaundice Does Not Always Mean Hepatitis
By Dr. Karan R. Rawat
MBBS, MS, FIAGES, FMAS, DMAS, FICRS, FALS, FISCP, FAIAS, MCLS, FCLS
Gastrointestinal, Liver, Pancreas, Gastro Surgery, Laparoscopic & General Surgery, Agra
Medically reviewed: September 2026
When the whites of the eyes suddenly turn yellow, patients commonly say:
“Mujhe jaundice ho gaya hai.”
But an important medical fact is:
Jaundice is not a disease—it is a sign.
Jaundice develops when bilirubin builds up in the blood, producing yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin. It can occur because of liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, gallstones blocking the bile duct, pancreatic or bile-duct disease, breakdown of red blood cells, certain medicines and several other conditions.
Therefore, the important question is not simply:
“How high is my bilirubin?”
The more important question is:
“Why is my bilirubin high?”
The treatment of hepatitis-related jaundice may be completely different from treatment of jaundice caused by a common bile-duct stone.
What Is Jaundice?
Jaundice—also called icterus—is yellow discoloration of:
-
Whites of the eyes
-
Skin
-
Sometimes oral mucosa
It occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream.
Bilirubin is produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin and helps eliminate it through bile.
Jaundice can therefore develop when:
-
Too much bilirubin is being produced
-
The liver cannot process bilirubin normally
-
Bile cannot flow properly because of obstruction
Jaundice and Hepatitis Are Not the Same Thing
This is one of the most common misunderstandings.
Jaundice
is a sign caused by increased bilirubin.
Hepatitis
means inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis may cause jaundice—but many hepatitis patients never become visibly yellow.
And jaundice can occur without hepatitis.
For example:
A stone blocking the common bile duct can cause jaundice.
Pancreatic disease can cause jaundice.
Certain blood disorders can cause jaundice.
Cirrhosis can cause jaundice.
Medicines can cause liver injury and jaundice.
Therefore:
Yellow eyes need a diagnosis—not merely a “jaundice medicine.”
What Are the Main Types of Jaundice?
For patients, jaundice can be understood in three broad groups.
1. Pre-hepatic Jaundice
The problem occurs before bilirubin reaches the liver, commonly because excessive red blood cells are breaking down.
This can occur in certain forms of:
-
Hemolytic anaemia
-
Blood disorders
-
Transfusion reactions
2. Hepatic Jaundice
The problem lies within the liver itself.
Possible causes include:
-
Hepatitis A
-
Hepatitis B
-
Hepatitis C
-
Hepatitis D
-
Hepatitis E
-
Alcohol-associated hepatitis
-
Drug-induced liver injury
-
Fatty liver/MASH
-
Autoimmune hepatitis
-
Cirrhosis
-
Other liver diseases
Hepatitis and cirrhosis are established causes of jaundice.
3. Obstructive / Post-hepatic Jaundice
Here the liver may be producing bile, but bile cannot drain normally.
Possible causes include:
-
Common bile-duct stones
-
Bile-duct strictures
-
Cholangitis
-
Pancreatic lesions
-
Bile-duct tumors
-
Gallbladder-related obstruction
-
Other biliary obstruction
A blocked bile duct causes bile and bilirubin to accumulate and can produce jaundice.
This distinction matters because obstructive jaundice may sometimes require ERCP, stenting or surgery rather than medicines for hepatitis.
What Are the Symptoms of Jaundice?
Common symptoms include:
Yellow eyes
This is often noticed before obvious skin discoloration.
Yellow skin
More obvious as bilirubin rises.
Dark urine
Urine may become tea- or cola-coloured.
Pale or clay-coloured stools
This is particularly important when bile flow is obstructed.
Itching
Itching can be prominent in cholestatic or obstructive jaundice.
Loss of appetite
Nausea or vomiting
Weakness and fatigue
Upper abdominal discomfort
What Is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver.
It can be caused by:
Viral infections
Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.
Alcohol
Medicines or toxins
Autoimmune disease
Metabolic liver disease
Other infections or systemic illnesses
The five major hepatitis viruses—A, B, C, D and E—all affect the liver but differ substantially in how they spread, whether they become chronic and how they are treated.
Hepatitis A: Commonly Spread Through Contaminated Food and Water
Hepatitis A is particularly relevant wherever food and water hygiene are concerns.
The virus spreads mainly through the faecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or drinking water.
Symptoms may include:
-
Fever
-
Weakness
-
Loss of appetite
-
Nausea
-
Vomiting
-
Abdominal discomfort
-
Dark urine
-
Jaundice
Unlike hepatitis B and C:
Hepatitis A does not normally become chronic.
Most patients recover completely, although rarely it can cause severe acute liver failure.
How Is Hepatitis A Diagnosed?
Acute hepatitis A is generally confirmed with:
Anti-HAV IgM
along with liver-function tests and clinical findings.
What Is the Treatment of Hepatitis A?
There is no routine specific antiviral medicine for hepatitis A.
Treatment is mainly supportive:
-
Adequate hydration
-
Appropriate nutrition
-
Monitoring
-
Avoidance of alcohol
-
Avoidance of unnecessary potentially liver-toxic medicines
-
Hospital treatment if severe disease develops
A vaccine is available for prevention.
Hepatitis E: Particularly Important in India and South Asia
Hepatitis E is another important cause of acute viral hepatitis.
It is transmitted mainly through contaminated drinking water, and WHO notes that hepatitis E is particularly common in parts of South Asia.
Symptoms can include:
-
Fever
-
Loss of appetite
-
Nausea
-
Vomiting
-
Abdominal pain
-
Jaundice
-
Dark urine
-
Pale stools
-
Itching
Most infections resolve spontaneously.
However:
Hepatitis E deserves special attention during pregnancy.
WHO reports a substantially increased risk of severe hepatitis, acute liver failure, fetal loss and mortality when hepatitis E occurs during pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimester.
How Is Hepatitis E Diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually involves:
Anti-HEV IgM
and occasionally:
HEV RNA testing
depending upon clinical circumstances.
Hepatitis B: An Infection That Can Become Chronic
Hepatitis B is fundamentally different from hepatitis A.
It can cause:
Acute hepatitis
or
Chronic hepatitis B.
WHO estimated that approximately 240 million people globally were living with chronic hepatitis B in 2024. Chronic HBV can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis B can spread through:
-
Mother-to-child transmission
-
Infected blood
-
Contaminated needles
-
Unsafe injection practices
-
Sexual exposure
-
Tattooing or piercing with contaminated equipment
-
Certain sharp-object exposures
Does Every HBsAg-Positive Patient Need Treatment?
No.
Being HBsAg positive means the patient needs proper evaluation.
It does not automatically mean:
-
Severe liver damage
-
Cirrhosis
-
Liver failure
-
Immediate antiviral therapy
Assessment may include:
-
HBsAg
-
HBeAg
-
Anti-HBe
-
Anti-HBc
-
HBV DNA viral load
-
AST/ALT
-
Bilirubin
-
Platelet count
-
Ultrasound
-
Fibrosis assessment/FibroScan
-
Other investigations as required
Treatment decisions depend on viral activity, fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver enzymes and individual clinical factors.
How Is Chronic Hepatitis B Treated?
Modern antiviral treatment can suppress hepatitis B very effectively.
WHO identifies oral medicines including:
Tenofovir
and
Entecavir
as established treatments for chronic hepatitis B when therapy is indicated. These medicines can slow progression of cirrhosis, reduce liver-cancer risk and improve long-term survival.
However:
Chronic hepatitis B should generally be thought of as controllable rather than routinely “curable” with tablets.
Many patients requiring antiviral therapy need prolonged treatment and continued monitoring.
Can Hepatitis B Be Prevented?
Yes.
One of the greatest advantages in hepatitis B is that:
An effective vaccine is available.
WHO describes hepatitis B vaccination as safe and highly effective.
Vaccination is particularly important because preventing HBV also prevents hepatitis D, which depends on hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis C: A Viral Hepatitis That Can Now Usually Be Cured
Hepatitis C is a bloodborne viral infection.
It may remain silent for years.
Some patients only discover it when they undergo:
-
Routine blood testing
-
Pre-operative screening
-
Blood donation testing
-
Evaluation of abnormal liver enzymes
-
Fibrosis/cirrhosis investigation
Chronic hepatitis C can progress to:
-
Liver fibrosis
-
Cirrhosis
-
Liver failure
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
But modern treatment has transformed its prognosis.
Direct-acting antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of people with hepatitis C.
If Anti-HCV Is Positive, Does It Confirm Active Hepatitis C?
No.
This is extremely important.
Testing follows two steps:
Step 1: Anti-HCV antibody
This shows that the person has been exposed to hepatitis C.
Step 2: HCV RNA
If anti-HCV is positive, HCV RNA testing is required to determine whether active infection is present.
Some people clear the virus naturally but remain antibody-positive.
Therefore:
Anti-HCV positive ≠ automatically active hepatitis C.
How Is Hepatitis C Treated?
Current treatment uses oral:
Direct-Acting Antivirals — DAAs
WHO reports cure rates above 95%, with treatment generally lasting a relatively short period depending upon the regimen and presence of cirrhosis.
This is one of the major advances in modern liver medicine.
But patients with already established advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis may still need long-term follow-up even after the virus has been cured.
Hepatitis D: Why Hepatitis B Patients Should Know About It
Hepatitis D is unusual because it cannot replicate without hepatitis B virus.
Therefore, chronic hepatitis D occurs only in people who have hepatitis B.
WHO describes chronic hepatitis D as a particularly severe form of viral hepatitis because it can lead to faster progression of liver disease.
Importantly:
Hepatitis B vaccination also prevents hepatitis D infection.
Can Gallstones Cause Jaundice?
Yes.
A gallstone can leave the gallbladder and become lodged inside the:
Common Bile Duct — CBD.
This condition is called:
Choledocholithiasis.
The patient may develop:
-
Yellow eyes
-
Dark urine
-
Pale stools
-
Right-upper-abdominal pain
-
Abnormal liver tests
If the obstruction becomes infected, the patient may develop acute cholangitis, which can become life-threatening.
NIDDK notes that persistent bile-duct obstruction caused by gallstones can lead to serious complications involving the bile ducts, liver or pancreas.
Jaundice + Fever + Abdominal Pain Can Be an Emergency
This combination deserves urgent attention:
Fever
Right-upper-abdominal pain
Jaundice
It may suggest an infected obstructed biliary system—acute cholangitis.
The patient may require:
-
Hospital admission
-
IV fluids
-
Antibiotics
-
Blood investigations
-
Imaging
-
Urgent bile-duct drainage, often by ERCP, depending upon the situation
Do not treat such symptoms merely with “jaundice medicines.”
What Tests Should Be Done When Someone Develops Jaundice?
The correct investigation depends upon the suspected cause.
A structured initial evaluation may include:
Total and Direct Bilirubin
Helps characterize hyperbilirubinemia.
AST / SGOT and ALT / SGPT
These may rise prominently in hepatocellular injury.
Alkaline Phosphatase — ALP
Can become significantly elevated in cholestasis or bile-duct obstruction.
GGT
Helpful in interpreting certain cholestatic patterns.
Albumin
Provides information about liver synthetic function, particularly in chronic disease.
PT / INR
Extremely important in significant acute or chronic liver disease because impaired clotting can indicate reduced liver synthetic function.
CBC
Helps assess infection, anaemia and platelet count.
Kidney Function and Electrolytes
Important in significant hepatitis and liver failure.
Which Hepatitis Tests May Be Needed?
Depending on history and presentation:
Hepatitis A
Anti-HAV IgM
Hepatitis B
May include:
HBsAg
Anti-HBc IgM/total
HBeAg / Anti-HBe
HBV DNA, when appropriate
Hepatitis C
Anti-HCV → followed by HCV RNA when antibody is positive
Hepatitis E
Anti-HEV IgM, with HEV RNA in selected situations.
Why Is Ultrasound Important in Jaundice?
Ultrasound can help distinguish between:
Medical liver disease
and
Biliary obstruction.
It can evaluate:
-
Liver
-
Gallbladder
-
Gallstones
-
Common bile duct
-
Intrahepatic bile ducts
-
Ascites
-
Certain masses or other abnormalities
If the bile ducts are dilated, further evaluation may be required.
When Is MRCP Needed?
MRCP—Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography—provides detailed imaging of the biliary and pancreatic ducts.
It can be particularly useful when doctors suspect:
-
CBD stones
-
Bile-duct obstruction
-
Biliary stricture
-
Other biliary abnormalities
MRCP is diagnostic imaging; it does not itself remove a stone.
What Is ERCP?
ERCP stands for:
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.
Unlike MRCP, ERCP can be therapeutic.
In selected patients, ERCP can:
-
Remove common bile-duct stones
-
Perform sphincterotomy
-
Drain an obstructed biliary system
-
Place a biliary stent
Therefore, a patient with jaundice caused by a blocked bile duct may need an endoscopic procedure rather than treatment designed for hepatitis.
Do All Patients With High Bilirubin Need Hospital Admission?
No.
The bilirubin number alone does not determine severity.
Some patients with relatively high bilirubin may be clinically stable.
Another patient with more modest jaundice but:
-
Rising INR
-
Confusion
-
Sepsis
-
Kidney dysfunction
-
Severe vomiting
-
Hypoglycaemia
-
Acute liver failure
may be much more seriously ill.
The complete clinical picture matters.
What Is Acute Liver Failure?
Acute liver failure means severe and rapid loss of liver function in a person without previously established cirrhosis.
This can occur with:
-
Severe acute viral hepatitis
-
Drug toxicity
-
Certain toxins
-
Autoimmune hepatitis
-
Other severe liver injury
It can lead to:
-
Coagulopathy
-
Confusion
-
Encephalopathy
-
Hypoglycaemia
-
Kidney injury
-
Cerebral complications
-
Multi-organ failure
This requires urgent specialist hospital management and, in selected cases, liver-transplant evaluation.
When Is Jaundice an Emergency?
Seek urgent medical assessment when jaundice occurs with:
-
High fever or chills
-
Severe abdominal pain
-
Confusion
-
Excessive sleepiness
-
Repeated vomiting
-
Vomiting blood
-
Black stools
-
Very low urine output
-
Rapid abdominal swelling
-
Severe weakness or fainting
-
Bleeding from gums or other sites
-
Rapidly worsening jaundice
Yellowing of the eyes in an adult should be taken seriously because it can reflect liver, gallbladder, bile-duct, pancreatic or blood disease.
Jaundice During Pregnancy
Jaundice during pregnancy requires particularly careful evaluation.
Possible causes include:
-
Viral hepatitis
-
Hepatitis E
-
Gallstones
-
Cholestatic disorders of pregnancy
-
Pregnancy-related liver disease
-
Other medical causes
Hepatitis E deserves special attention.
WHO reports that pregnant women—particularly in the second and third trimester—have a higher risk of severe acute liver failure and adverse fetal and maternal outcomes from hepatitis E.
Therefore:
Jaundice in pregnancy should not be managed casually at home.
Is Sugarcane Juice a Treatment for Jaundice?
No.
Sugarcane juice does not treat the underlying cause of jaundice.
If hygienically prepared it may simply provide:
-
Fluid
-
Calories
But it cannot:
-
Remove a CBD stone
-
Cure hepatitis B
-
Cure hepatitis C
-
Reverse acute liver failure
-
Treat cholangitis
Furthermore, contaminated juice or ice can itself expose a patient to gastrointestinal infection.
Does a Jaundice Patient Need Only Boiled Food?
No.
The liver does not recover because a patient eats only boiled vegetables.
Nutrition should be appropriate to the patient's illness and overall clinical condition.
Unnecessary severe dietary restriction can actually contribute to:
-
Weakness
-
Loss of muscle mass
-
Poor nutritional intake
Patients with uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis generally need adequate hydration and appropriate nutrition rather than starvation.
Should Protein Be Stopped in Jaundice?
Not routinely.
Protein should not automatically be stopped simply because someone has jaundice.
Nutritional advice becomes more individualized in:
-
Advanced liver failure
-
Hepatic encephalopathy
-
Severe malnutrition
-
Kidney disease
-
Other specific clinical situations
Unnecessary prolonged protein restriction may worsen muscle wasting.
Should Alcohol Be Stopped?
Yes.
Alcohol should be avoided during acute hepatitis or significant liver injury.
In patients with alcohol-related liver disease, complete abstinence becomes particularly important.
Can Herbal or Ayurvedic Medicines Cause Jaundice?
Some herbal, alternative, bodybuilding and dietary supplements can potentially cause drug-induced liver injury.
“Natural” does not automatically mean harmless to the liver.
Therefore, whenever evaluating unexplained hepatitis or jaundice, the doctor should know about:
-
Prescription medicines
-
OTC medicines
-
Herbal products
-
Ayurvedic preparations
-
Gym/bodybuilding supplements
-
Weight-loss supplements
-
Recently started medicines
Medication-related injury is a recognized cause of jaundice.
Can Hepatitis Become Cirrhosis?
Some types can.
Hepatitis A usually does not become chronic.
Hepatitis E is generally acute and self-limited, although rare chronic infection can occur in immunosuppressed patients.
By contrast:
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
can produce chronic liver disease.
Long-standing inflammation may lead to:
Fibrosis → cirrhosis → portal hypertension → liver failure and/or liver cancer
Chronic HBV and HCV are recognized major causes of cirrhosis.
Does Hepatitis Mean Liver Cancer?
No.
Having hepatitis does not mean that a person has cancer.
However, chronic hepatitis B, C and D can increase long-term liver-cancer risk through chronic liver injury and/or cirrhosis.
Patients with chronic liver disease should therefore undergo appropriate fibrosis assessment and, when indicated, liver-cancer surveillance.
Can Hepatitis C Really Be Cured?
Yes.
This is a major modern medical success.
WHO reports that modern oral direct-acting antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of hepatitis C infections.
This makes early diagnosis important.
A patient should not remain untreated for years simply because an old anti-HCV report was positive.
Can Hepatitis B Be Controlled?
Yes.
When treatment is indicated, modern antiviral medicines can suppress hepatitis B strongly and reduce progression to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
But patients also require:
-
Monitoring
-
Fibrosis assessment
-
Viral-load assessment when appropriate
-
Liver-cancer surveillance in selected higher-risk patients
How Can Viral Hepatitis Be Prevented?
Safe Water and Food
Especially important for hepatitis A and E.
WHO identifies contaminated food/water as a major route of hepatitis A transmission and contaminated drinking water as the principal route of hepatitis E transmission.
Hepatitis B Vaccination
Highly effective prevention for hepatitis B and indirectly hepatitis D.
Safe Needles and Injections
Never reuse injection equipment.
Screened Blood
Proper blood-bank screening reduces transmission risk.
Safe Tattooing and Piercing
Equipment should be appropriately sterilized or single-use.
Appropriate Sexual Precautions
Particularly relevant for hepatitis B.
Do Not Share Razors or Needles
Anything contaminated with blood can represent a potential transmission route for bloodborne hepatitis.
A Simple Jaundice Investigation Pathway
Yellow eyes / dark urine
↓
Clinical history + examination
↓
Bilirubin + AST/ALT + ALP/GGT + CBC + PT/INR
↓
Ultrasound abdomen
↓
If liver inflammation pattern:
Investigate viral hepatitis, alcohol, medicines, metabolic/autoimmune causes as appropriate
OR
If bile ducts are dilated / obstruction suspected:
MRCP / CT / EUS as appropriate → ERCP or surgical treatment when required
OR
If haemolysis suspected:
Appropriate blood investigations
The key principle is:
Treat the cause of jaundice—not the yellow colour itself.
Jaundice & Hepatitis Treatment in Agra
Patients searching for:
Jaundice treatment in Agra
Hepatitis doctor in Agra
Liver specialist in Agra
Hepatitis B treatment Agra
Hepatitis C treatment Agra
Hepatitis A treatment Agra
Hepatitis E treatment Agra
High bilirubin treatment Agra
Yellow eyes treatment Agra
Obstructive jaundice treatment Agra
CBD stone jaundice treatment Agra
Gastroenterologist for jaundice Agra
Liver doctor near me
should first determine why the jaundice has developed.
Patients may seek assessment from Agra, Civil Lines, Church Road, Khandari, Dayal Bagh, Kamla Nagar, Sikandra, Bodla, Shahganj, Lohamandi, Tajganj, Trans Yamuna, Runakta, Achhnera, Kiraoli, Etmadpur, Fatehabad, Shamshabad and Fatehpur Sikri, as well as the wider referral region including Mathura, Vrindavan, Govardhan, Farah, Raya, Baldeo, Firozabad, Tundla, Shikohabad, Hathras, Etah, Mainpuri, Bharatpur and Dholpur.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is jaundice itself a disease?
No. Jaundice is a clinical sign caused by increased bilirubin. The underlying cause needs to be identified.
Does jaundice always mean hepatitis?
No. Jaundice can arise from hepatitis, gallstones, bile-duct obstruction, pancreatic disease, cirrhosis, medicines, blood disorders and other causes.
What does dark urine with pale stool mean?
This can occur when bilirubin processing or bile flow is disturbed and is particularly relevant when biliary obstruction is suspected.
Can hepatitis A become chronic?
No. Hepatitis A does not cause chronic hepatitis, although rarely acute infection can become severe.
Can hepatitis C be cured?
Yes. Modern direct-acting antivirals cure more than 95% of appropriately treated infections.
Can hepatitis B be cured?
Current oral treatment usually aims for strong viral suppression rather than promising complete eradication. Tenofovir and entecavir are established antiviral options when treatment is indicated.
Is hepatitis B vaccination useful?
Yes. Hepatitis B vaccination is highly effective and also prevents hepatitis D by preventing the HBV infection that HDV requires.
Can gallstones cause jaundice?
Yes. A stone entering and blocking the common bile duct can produce obstructive jaundice and other potentially serious complications.
Do all jaundice patients need MRCP?
No. MRCP is mainly useful when the clinical, biochemical or ultrasound findings suggest a biliary obstruction or other duct-related problem.
Is very high bilirubin always more dangerous than high SGPT?
Not necessarily. No single number determines severity. INR, mental status, kidney function, glucose, infection, the speed of deterioration and the underlying cause can be more important clinically.
Message From Dr. Karan R. Rawat
When a patient develops yellow eyes, the objective should never be simply:
“Bilirubin kam karna hai.”
The correct questions are:
Is this viral hepatitis?
Is there a bile-duct stone?
Is the liver acutely inflamed?
Is a medicine damaging the liver?
Is this chronic liver disease?
Is there biliary obstruction?
Is liver function beginning to fail?
Because the treatments are completely different.
Today:
Hepatitis A and most hepatitis E cases can be managed supportively with appropriate monitoring.
Hepatitis B can often be effectively suppressed with modern antiviral therapy when treatment is indicated.
Hepatitis C can now be cured in more than 95% of appropriately treated patients.
CBD stones causing jaundice can often be removed endoscopically using ERCP.
Severe acute liver failure can be recognized early and referred for advanced care, including transplant assessment when necessary.
The principle is simple:
Jaundice is the warning light. Finding and treating the underlying problem is the real treatment.
About the Author — E-E-A-T Medical Profile
Dr. Karan R. Rawat
MBBS, MS, FIAGES, FMAS, DMAS, FICRS, FALS, FISCP, FAIAS, MCLS, FCLS
Dr. Karan R. Rawat is a gastroenterologist, liver doctor, pancreas doctor, intestine surgeon, stomach doctor, gastro surgeon, surgical gastroenterologist, podiatrist, piles doctor, fissure doctor, fistula surgeon, pilonidal surgeon, laser surgeon, laparoscopic surgeon, hernia surgeon, gallbladder surgeon, general surgeon and proctologist practicing in Agra.
His clinical practice includes evaluation and treatment of jaundice, hepatitis, abnormal liver-function tests, hepatitis B and C, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, ascites, portal hypertension, gallstone-related obstructive jaundice, CBD stones and gastrointestinal disorders, with appropriate referral for advanced hepatology, interventional or transplant care when required.
Consultation
Safe Gastro & Surgery Center (Agra Heart Center)
Church Road, Civil Lines, Agra
Kamla Rawat Hospital / Polyclinic
Runakta, Agra
Appointments: 7398888889
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Yellow eyes, dark urine or high bilirubin? Learn the causes of jaundice, hepatitis A, B, C, D & E, gallstone-related obstructive jaundice, liver tests, ultrasound, MRCP, ERCP and modern treatment from Dr Karan R Rawat, liver and gastrointestinal doctor in Agra.
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Medical Disclaimer: This article is intended for patient education and general awareness. Jaundice has many possible causes, and treatment should not be based on bilirubin alone. New jaundice, particularly with fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, confusion, bleeding or worsening weakness, requires prompt medical assessment.
